Wood Mackenzie: Waste-based biofuels could be key driver of energy transition

Waste-based biofuels could be a key driver of the energy transition transforming today’s limited supply of low carbon transportation fuels and creating a local, circular economy, according to a new report by research and consultancy group Wood Mackenzie.

As the world transitions to new, sustainable energy sources, the somewhat neglected biofuel sector may have a crucial part to play.

Currently, biofuels only account for 3% of today’s 100 million barrels per day (b/d) liquid fuel demand. However, developing new technologies that drive biofuel production from municipal waste, agricultural residue and recycling plastics wastes could be a game changer for the energy transition.

According to Wood Mackenzie, this could supply an additional 20 million barrels per day (b/d) of liquid biofuel by 2050, so satisfying a quarter of all future liquid fuel demand (95 million b/d in 2050), equivalent to around three quarters of 2050 middle distillate demand.

“Many governments have understandably pulled away from using food-based biofuels, which has hampered the industry’s growth. However, there still is plenty of opportunity for growth, especially when we look at waste-based alternatives,” Alan Gelder, Wood Mackenzie vice president, commented.

By using waste material for fuel there will be significant savings on landfill or incineration costs and the related emissions. Bio-based diesel and aviation fuels from plant-based feedstock could emit 80% less carbon than the crude oil-based products that dominate today’s global market.

“Waste-based biofuels would curb carbon emissions at a similar rate and solve issues for industries that are hard to electrify. According to the International Energy Agency, the net-zero pathway demands that nearly half of biofuels consumed in 2030 – 45 percent – must be produced with waste.”

Various technologies are in development to convert these solid wastes into liquids. These involve pre-treatment to ‘wash’ the materials, followed by thermal cracking (pyrolysis or gasification) to convert the waste into hydrocarbons. The last stage is processing in a conventional refinery to create biofuel versions of the crude oil-based products we use today. This process will give rise to a circular economy.

As moving solid wastes over distance is expensive, supply chains will be local, where products can be collected and processed at small-scale facilities outside of cities and towns.

“In turning waste into biofuels, being local is an advantage. The biofuels ecosystem would revolve around a hub-and-spoke distribution model, where the initial conversion of waste to biofuels is local, with the liquids produced then aggregated for processing in an existing refining facility. Refineries know how to do this and for many, this could be key to their long-term viability. It would have tremendous benefits to local economies and employment, creating a powerful argument for governments to develop incentives,” Gelder said.

Those incentives could be in the form of a ‘carbon tax credit’ that would create a level playing field with fossil fuel-based products and significantly improve the competitiveness of biofuel.

Biofuels emit CO2 on combustion, but their net lifecycle emissions are far lower than fossil fuels, as carbon is removed when the vegetable feedstock is grown or waste is recycled. If all falls into place for waste-based biofuels, the accelerated energy transition projections are dramatic.

In Wood Mackenzie’s accelerated energy transition-1.5 scenario, the global demand for liquids would fall to only 35 million b/d by 2050, 60% lower than the base case. Biofuels could meet two-thirds of liquids demand in hard-to-decarbonise transportation sectors, as well as provide circular feedstocks for petrochemicals.

“We are already seeing large petrochemical companies develop impressive chemical waste plastic recycling programs, proving that these technologies can be deployed. If the refining sector begins to process waste for biofuels and governments support the initiative, we could be on a viable pathway to a circular economy, with its many benefits, that is compatible with mitigating climate change. It’s a win-win scenario.”