Smart Decision-Making and Collaborative Alignment

Written by Mikael Lind, RISE, Hanane Becha, UN/CEFACT, André Simha, MSC, Francois Bottin, CMA CGM, and Steen Erik Larsen, A.P. Moller – Maersk

How often do we experience that decisions are being made on the basis of static information? Picture a printed document listing expected arrival and departure times for the ships visiting a port or a list of reservations made for berths and other infrastructure. From the moment that it is printed, the information on the document may be out of date.

As digital innovations are now being adopted ever more widely, opportunities to explore what comes from having access to real-time data challenges traditional patterns of behavior. The success of tomorrow’s company is not just about making smarter decisions; it is also about challenging the traditional roles and processes adopted by the many engaged actors within the emerging and increasingly necessary collaborative environment.

As in many other industries, opportunities are now arising for empowered decision-making based on increasing access to digital data streams.* Everything is claimed to become smarter, such as smart ships, smart ports*, smart containers* etc.

As earlier reported, different parties do join forces in establishing local and/or horizontal information sharing communities in order to stay up to date.*

One does though need to question whether the engagement in such communities is to empower the capabilities of making smarter decisions, or whether the engagement is based on incentives of true collaboration in the joint co-creation of maritime transport services providing value to the clients of maritime sector. There is no doubt that the technology is available, standards for messaging and interfaces are increasingly in place*, but do we really have the right perspective on why we engage in digital collaboration?

As we will argue for in this short article, optimization, synchronization and greater efficiency and improved service delivery in maritime transport will not happen if the actors involved do not establish processes for the continual alignment of their plans based on outcomes and disruptions further up in the value chain, and by providing better information services on predictability as is increasingly desired by the clients of maritime transport.

To do this, the actors must learn to continually share data being convinced that this behavior is a virtuous circle that will benefit all parties. It is now a call for collaborative alignment based on digital data sharing among engaged actors.

The maritime industry is often conceived as a self-organized ecosystem.* It is composed of a multitude of actors being mostly in competition but at the same time part of some alliances for specific markets or trades.

By contrast with the coordination processes across different actors adopted in the aviation industry, maritime lacks an overarching coordination body. This brings the necessity for actors to voluntarily share data with each other to ensure that the total value brought from the co-production of digital services is achieved. Digital data sharing between engaged actors in a pre-defined way is what has been conceived as digital collaboration.

For a modern, efficient and dependable maritime supply chain to operate satisfactorily, the dependency between the involved actors requiring that each of them informs the other about progress and disruptions in order for them to synchronize their plans must be acknowledged. Historically, due to the lack of information and the complexity of planning, many operators have adopted a rule of first-come, first-served – which is inherently inefficient, unpredictable and not cost-effective.

The installed base of IT systems in the maritime sector also reflects this situation, where many lack connectivity to systems outside the control of the organization that the system is serving.

Fragmented and unrealistic situational awareness used in operators’ decision-making leads to underutilized or wasteful use of resources. However, for those systems that are aiming to connect actors together in sub-communities, such as port community systems (PCS), community systems for supply chain visibility, etc., strong voices are then raised that enable standardized data sharing that go beyond manufacturer-specific solutions.*

Actors in self-organized ecosystems make decisions on their conceived situational awareness. This means that data acquired from operations beyond the scope of what is generated by the organization itself is used.

Situational awareness is thus essential to fulfilling the task at hand. Situational awareness can be defined simply as “knowing what is going on around us”, or – more technically – as “the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future”*.

As maritime operations are continuously adapted to new situations (as part of their DNA) there is a need to base decisions on when to set aside infrastructure and resources for serving others. This should be based on the latest possible information which can be continuously updated to reflect new and changing circumstances. Importantly, independent of whether the information is acquired in a direct peer-to-peer interaction or from information based on complementary sources of data, engaged actors will base their decisions on the best data at hand. What has become clear is that many IT-systems are not being updated with the latest information on such things as arrival and departure times for ships or when operations are planned to be conducted. This jeopardizes the smoothness of the port call process. Utilising multiple sources of information to cross-check the data upon which the actor is basing their decision is key to assuring timely operations.

The model elaborates how engagement in information sharing communities can be an example of a collaborative environment allowing collaborative alignment and providing foundations for making smart decisions. As the growth in connected devices, such as e.g. smart containers, continues in the maritime sector and is expected to boost the accessibility to additional and complementary data sources, the foundations for smart decisions are increasing substantially. This combined with capturing data in systems of records out of data generated in systems of production will provide the essential components needed for optimization and predictability along the maritime transport chain as well as the transport chain across several modes of transport.*

The situation might concern a just-in-time arrival and departure to/from a port or a passage through confined or restricted waterways. The whole need is based upon the desire to coordinate and satisfy the supply of e.g. port call services demanded by multiple clients, particularly when the demand is for the same services at the same time or the same location.

An observation is that while there may be individual initiatives to predict events, there is an untapped potential in a predictive supply chain. Essentially, many actors are working on increasing the accuracy of the prediction, and then acting on when the actual event happens, as opposed to acting on the prediction to visualize alternative options and re-plan the future. This is where the collaborative alignment on standards and accessibility are a prerequisite to release the true value.

The future is about making smart long-term and short-term decisions within a collaborative setting. What we have learned during recent years is that it is extremely hard in maritime to forecast when a particular movement or operation will take place. There is thus a continual need for updates on plans and progress as the initial plans that were established will not hold. Attempts have been made to overcome this by utilizing historical data in applications of artificial intelligence, such as big data analytics and machine learning.

An unresolved quest however is whether this is going to be enough to reach the optimum of infrastructure and resource utilization desired by the many engaged actors of the maritime industry. It is also unlikely that such efforts can provide good enough reliability for the clients of maritime transport, such as the cargo owners and other supporting modes of transport.

There is thus a need to establish data sharing environments of which the ones that know something share that with the rest of the community engaged in the same environment. The potential in exposing, accessing and using predictive data in smart decision making is not yet driving the processes. Participating in this new landscape of digital opportunities will require upgrading of processes and the introduction of new roles by many of the organizations that have been operating in the maritime industry for a long time.

• Lind M., Simha A., Becha H. (2020) Creating value for the transport buyer with Digital Data Streams, 9/3-2020, Maritime executive (https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/creating-value-for-the-transport-buyer-with-digital-data-streams)
• Becha H., Lind M., Simha A., Bottin F. (2020) Smart ports: On the move to becoming global logistics information exchange hubs, Smart Maritime Network, 20/4-2020 (https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/2020/04/20/smart-ports-on-the-move-to-become-global-logistics-information-exchange-hubs/)
• Becha H., Frazier T., Lind M., Schröder M., Voorspuij J. (2020) Smart Containers and Situational Awareness, Smart Maritime Network, 2020-08-12 (https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/2020/08/12/the-cargo-owners-case-for-smart-containers/)
• Lind M., Becha H., Simha A., Bottin F., Larsen S. E. (2020) Digital Containerisation, Smart Maritime Network, 2020-06-18 (https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Information-transparency-through-standardized-messaging-and-interfacing.pdf)
• Becha H., Lind M., Simha A., Bottin F., Larsen S. E. (2020) Standardisation in container shipping is key to boosting economies of scale – importance of data collaboration between shipping lines, Smart Maritime Network, 2020-05-14 (https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Standardisation-and-the-importance-of-data-collaboration-between-shipping-lines.pdf)
• Lind, M., Michaelides, M. P., Ward, R., & Watson, R. T. (Eds.). (2020). Maritime Informatics: Springer. (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030508913)
• Morton R., De Cauwer N. (2019) Why Standards Matter, Port Technology International – edition 85
• See Becha H., Frazier T., Lind M., Schröder M., Voorspuij J. (2020) Smart Containers and Situational Awareness, Smart Maritime Network, 2020-08-12 (https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/2020/08/12/the-cargo-owners-case-for-smart-containers/); Endsley M. R. (1995) Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors 1995;37(1):32–64
• See e.g. the concept of Port Collaborative Decision Making (PortCDM) in Lind M., Watson R.T., Ward R., Bergmann M., Bjørn-Andersen N., Rosemann M., Haraldson, S., Andersen T. (2018) Digital Data Sharing: The Ignored Opportunity for Making Global Maritime Transport Chains More Efficient , Article No. 22 [UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter N°79 – Third Quarter 2018] (https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=1850) __________________________________________________________________

Note: The opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Offshore Energy.